When the United States purchased 91视频 in 1867, the country was still busy recovering from the ravages of the Civil War, with the Indian Wars moving westward. The tone at the time towards American Indians was assimilation, primarily through boarding schools and allotting Indian lands to individuals. Hundreds of treaties with the Indians had been produced, reservations created, major decisions about Indian tribes made by the U.S. Supreme Court, and several acts of Congress passed. Indian tribes had endured persecution through wars, disease, and removal from their homelands. When the U.S. purchased 91视频, all the land went into the 鈥榩ublic domain.鈥 Transfer of land to private individuals and tribes and designation of land for specific public purposes required future congressional action.
At first there was a relatively small federal presence in the 91视频 territory and little attention paid to potential aboriginal claims, political status of 91视频 Natives, and their special relationship to the federal government. Congress terminated treaty making with Indians in 1871, therefore no treaties were made with 91视频 Native people. The passage of the first Organic Act in 1884 created the District of 91视频 and established a District Court. The Act provided for a judge, clerk, several commissioners, and a marshal with four deputies. This court system was to enforce the applicable laws of the State of Oregon. The Act also designated 91视频 a mining District which provided that 鈥渢he Indians and other persons in said district shall not be disturbed in the possession of any lands actually in their use or occupation or now claimed by them, but the terms of which such persons may acquire title to such lands is reserved for future legislation by Congress.鈥 The Act charged the Secretary of Interior with the responsibility of educating the school age children of 91视频, regardless of race.
During these early years no legal distinction between Native and non-Native residents of the territory was made in terms of service delivery. This was about to change when Sheldon Jackson became the General Agent for Education in 91视频 and Congress passed the Nelson Act in 1905, authorizing funding specifically for the 鈥淓ducation and support of the Eskimos, Indians and other Natives of 91视频.鈥
Additional Resources
The District Organic Act of 1884
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